While immersion provides the highest performance, impregnation technology is applied first as a practical and cost-effective solution for commercialization
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Category
Dielectric Liquid Immersion Cooling
Dielectric Water-Based Paste Impregnation Cooling
Thermal Barrier (Cell-to-Cell Insulation)
Operating Principle
Immerses battery cells in non-conductive coolant; rapid heat absorption/dissipation through convection/conduction/evaporation prevents cell explosion and thermal runaway.
Impregnates battery cells with dielectric water-based paste; rapid heat absorption/dissipation through conduction/evaporation suppresses explosion and thermal runaway caused by internal short circuits, overcharge, or thermal shock.
Installs insulating materials (e.g., paper, film) between battery cells to block heat transfer to adjacent cells and restrain thermal runaway propagation.
Cooling Performance
Very High
Highest cooling performance due to high specific heat and latent heat of coolant.
High
Comparable to immersion except for convection.
Low
Only insulation, no cooling function.
Cell Explosion Prevention
Very High
Suppresses explosions through coolant vaporization/absorption.
High
Prevents propagation by absorbing heat from adjacent cells.
-
Partial mitigation only (depends on insulation type).
Thermal Runaway Prevention
Very High
Blocks heat from runaway cell completely (convection/conduction/evaporation).
